The Impact of Increased Literacy on Ballads and Chapbooks in Seventeent

The Impact of Increased Literacy on Ballads and Chapbooks in Seventeenth-Century England In seventeenth-century England, the ascent of famous instruction and education agreeing with the mechanical innovation of printing, prompted the decrease in the making of songs and in the significance of chapbooks. After England's Restoration period, modest print was accessible in enormous amounts because of new mechanical advancements in the printing field. Chronicles got significant for families on every single social level to possess and roughly 400,000 were imprinted during the 1660s yearly. Books of scriptures were additionally being imprinted in incredible sums, however not as much as chronicles because of the way that they didn't become out-dated. Right off the bat in the seventeenth-century England experienced a type of wonder similar to that marvel of the Great Rebuilding and is likely identified with it (9). This upsurgance of spending power empowered the yeomanry of the wide open to send their children to class. Liberated from the work power, these young men were educated to peruse and compose. Fathers who were not as well off as the yeomen, still could send their children to class until they were of working age, around six or seven. These lower class young men were educated to peruse, yet composing was instructed at a later age. This expansion in the measure of the populace that could peruse and compose was incredibly critical, changing England from the fourteenth-century to the sixteenth century from a late medieval worker society, to a general public wherein perusing and composing were utilized by more individuals, and on every single social scale, for instruction and diversion. Roughly 30% of men in the last 50% of the seventeenth-century were educated. Sixty-five percent of the yeomen w... ...rich widow, holding up at a similar spot to experience the service with him (56). Provincial chapbooks were composed, with the characters talking in nearby vernaculars and normally ridiculing another locale of England or an individual visiting from a remote nation. The ascent in education and the decline of printing costs that at the same time happened in the seventeenth century, had both negative and beneficial outcomes on the financial structure of England. The oral convention of numbers, and the social network based on it, were lost. Proficiency brought self-training through books and amusement from chapbooks to many yeomen, ranch works, tradesmen, and some lower class poor. Work Cited Spufford, Margaret. Little Books and Pleasant Histories: Popular Fiction and its Readership in Seventeenth-Century England. Athens: The University of Georgia Press, 1981.

Healthcare Finance in The United States of America Free Essays

In United States the Congress had passed the Medicare Prescription Drug, Improvement and Modernization Act of 2003 or MMA and with this forced a stoppage for year and a half on the beginning of new doctor possessed claim to fame emergency clinics. Simultaneously, they likewise needed to realize the position with respect to specific issues of doctor claimed heart, orthopedic and careful forte clinics through MedPAC. The group visited destinations, made legitimate examination and met the offer proprietors in these emergency clinics lastly introduced a report to the Congress. We will compose a custom exposition test on Medicinal services Finance in The United States of America or then again any comparable theme just for you Request Now It had likewise experienced the cost reports got from Medicare and inpatient cases of 2002, which was the latest around then. This will normally frame the premise of such clinics being allowed or not. (Doctor possessed claim to fame medical clinics) The discoveries of this board of trustees indicated that:- Doctor possessed medical clinics for the most part treated patients who had less serious issues and focused on explicit conclusion related gatherings and the explanation behind both of this was these were required to be more productive than different patients. These emergency clinics don't treat the same number of Medicaid patients as network medical clinics. With respect to expenses of patients in these emergency clinics for the patients, the Medicare patients didn't get advantages of lower costs however the inpatients had shorter times of remain. There was no considerable effect of doctor claimed strength medical clinics on the network emergency clinics as observed in 2002, and there was additionally no effect on the monetary presentation of the network clinics. The vast majority of the distinctions in productivity can be amended by improving the forthcoming patient framework for inpatients that are made by Medicare. Along these lines as indicated by the discoveries there are not significant contrasts between the network emergency clinics and doctor claimed forte medical clinics as far as expenses or ability for administrations. (Doctor possessed claim to fame emergency clinics) Contrasts among kinds of medical clinics: We will make correlation of the clinics in India and USA. In India, aside from the administration clinics, there are various enormous emergency clinics run by trusts or huge companies. In the city of Bombay or Mumbai, the emergency clinics named Jaslok or Hinduja are controlled by trusts and Wockhardt Heart Hospital is controlled by a significant pharmaceutical organization. In any event, when the clinic has been advanced by a doctor, still the medical clinic is run like an organization as is found on account of Apollo Hospitals. There is presently another emergency clinic named as Asian Heart Hospital in Bombay which has been advanced by a doctor group and they have a huge stake in the medical clinic. The group of doctor is driven by one Mr. Panda who is currently the CEO of the clinic. These doctors have all contributed their own assets, and to get more assets, they have even requested more commitments from different doctors who are presently not inhabitant in India. The medical clinic is the aftereffect of an arrangement by these doctors in 1993-94. The medical clinic took around 10 years to finish. Consequently one ought to understand that a clinic sets aside a long effort to come to fruition up. (Specialists in arms) The most concerning issues in the administration of medical clinics originate from doctors and eminent doctors are looked for empanelment by emergency clinics. The doctors at that point ceaselessly power the medical clinics to update their framework and furthermore charge overwhelming expenses from the patients. Toward the finish of the administrations by the doctors, it is they who get the greatest returns. It is likewise hard to hold the doctors as they leave at the most punctual chance, and this announcement is from one of the advertisers of the emergency clinic, GW Capital. They are presently putting cash in the idea of doctor oversaw private medical clinics. This brought about its venture of Rs 150 million or around 3 million dollars in purchasing a 26 percent stake in another emergency clinic bunch in Hyderabad, in 2000 called the Care Group. That gathering has extended quick and now has over a 1000 beds in its activities in six focuses. (Specialists in arms) Thus the expenses of the medical clinics will require around 12 million dollars for a 1000 bed activity. Simultaneously, not all emergency clinics are made in view of cash and there are medical clinics in Chennai or Madras in India which have 150 doctors, 500 attendants and 371 Para-clinical staff. The whole group works inside a spending plan of Rs 120 million or 2.4 million dollars. (Recuperating Ministry of the Madras Diocesan Medical Board) This emergency clinic is controlled by a strict crucial its goal is to offer support to the individuals and this medical clinic wouldn't like to bring in cash, yet run at make back the initial investment costs. In United States, during 2002 there were 48 emergency clinics saw as doctor possessed medical clinics. Of them 12 were heart medical clinics, 25 were orthopedic emergency clinics and 11 were careful clinics. These medical clinics are commonly exceptionally little with normal limits of orthopedic emergency clinics being 16 beds, the careful claim to fame medical clinics being 14 beds and heart medical clinics are the biggest with normal limit being 52 beds. The general states of these clinics are not undeniable as they don't have crisis divisions, while 93 percent of the network medical clinics have crisis offices. The purpose behind presence of these clinics is the doctor authority over the emergency clinics. (Doctor possessed forte medical clinics) simultaneously, one of these emergency clinics has been named as one of country’s top 100 heart medical clinics. (Parkwest Medical Center) Money related situation of private emergency clinics: As indicated by accessible reports, the private medical clinics are in a situation to take on patients who are fit for paying for them, and not take on patients who need to rely upon oversaw care associations. This expands the earnings of the clinics by 20 to 50 percent. This decreases the expense of a detour medical procedure at one of the emergency clinics in India, Care to about Rs 80,000 or $1,700. The expense in India is higher by around 30 to 40 percent in corporate emergency clinics. Indeed, even the new medical clinic, Asian Heart has anticipated a money earn back the original investment during the second year of tasks, and before the second's over year it hopes to deliver a 15 percent profit to the financial specialist. In this way on a speculation of $50 million, the profits would be $7.5 million from the subsequent year. (Specialists in arms) The situation in United States is the equivalent, and regardless of some private forte clinics not having made any appropriations to investors, the investigation demonstrated that the edge in these medical clinics was around 13 percent in 2002 when contrasted with 3 to 6 percent that was seen for network emergency clinics. (Doctor possessed strength clinics) The upsides of doctor claimed strength clinics: To discover this viewpoint out, there were conversations with the doctors who were putting resources into these emergency clinics. The cardiologists and specialists need to concede their patients, play out the necessary strategies and have the patients recoup with least unsettling influence. They accept that network medical clinics can't coordinate their administrations as those emergency clinics have an assortment of administrations and missions that they need to attempt. The immediate control by the doctors help to expand profitability through less unsettling influences to the calendars in working room which originate from the crisis cases that happen, diminishing the personal time between tasks between two distinct medical procedures and this is because of tidying up the working room all the more proficiently, expanded capacity to work between two working rooms in any event, when the working rooms are obstructed because of some other work and better efficiencies through direct control of working room staff. As referenced before, they likewise prefer to frame claim to fame medical clinics as they have increments in salary. There is some expansion because of profitability, yet they can gather a portion of the benefits from the office for themselves and other related doctors. They focus on offering types of assistance that are productive, on treating patients who are less wiped out and in this way increasingly gainful. (Doctor claimed strength medical clinics) Even in India a similar circumstance exists and the greater part of the doctors who have now begun creating emergency clinics have been cooperating before, and one of the fundamental points is to expel the weight from oversaw social insurance frameworks that they need to confront something else. There is presently a particular change in the development of clinics and new emergency clinics are being shaped by doctors. The all out expenses have been talked about somewhat, yet without the investment of doctors, the medical clinics are probably not going to be effective. Step by step instructions to refer to Healthcare Finance in The United States of America, Essay models

Selected Sigmund Freud Quotes From His Writings

Selected Sigmund Freud Quotes From His Writings History and Biographies Print Famous Quotes From Sigmund Freud Freuds work furthered our understanding of psychology By Kendra Cherry facebook twitter Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author, educational consultant, and speaker focused on helping students learn about psychology. Learn about our editorial policy Kendra Cherry Updated on November 17, 2018 Authenticated News/Archive Photos/Getty Images More in Psychology History and Biographies Psychotherapy Basics Student Resources Theories Phobias Emotions Sleep and Dreaming In addition to his own psychoanalytic practice, Sigmund Freud was also a prolific writer. Works such as The Interpretation of Dreams (1900) and The Psychopathology of Everyday Life (1901) helped establish Freuds psychoanalytic theories and made him a dominating force in psychology during the early 20th-century. His work and writings contributed to our understanding of personality, clinical psychology, human development  and abnormal psychology. Below are just a few quotes from Freuds writings. Selected Sigmund Freud Quotes No one who, like me, conjures up the most evil of those half-tamed demons that inhabit the human breast, and seeks to wrestle with them, can expect to come through the struggle unscathed.From Dora: An Analysis of a Case of Hysteria, 1905.The great question that has never been answered, and which I have not yet been able to answer, despite my thirty years of research into the feminine soul, is What does a woman want?From Sigmund Freud: Life and Work by Ernest JonesReligion is an illusion and it derives its strength from the fact that it falls in with our instinctual desires.From New Introductory Lectures on Psychoanalysis, 1932.Where id is, there shall ego be.From New Introductory Lectures on Psychoanalysis, 1932.One might compare the relation of the ego to the id with that between a rider and his horse. The horse provides the locomotor energy, and the rider has the prerogative of determining the goal and of guiding the movements of his powerful mount towards it. But all too often in the relations between the ego and the id we find a picture of the less ideal situation in which the rider is obliged to guide his horse in the direction in which it itself wants to go.From New Introductory Lectures on Psychoanalysis, 1932.Devout believers are safeguarded in a high degree against the risk of certain neurotic illnesses; their acceptance of the universal neurosis spares them the task of constructing a personal one.From The Future of an Illusion, 1927.The ego is not master in its own house.From A Difficulty in the Path of Psycho-Analysis, 1917.Our knowledge of the historical worth of certain religious doctrines increases our respect for them but does not invalidate our proposal that they should cease to be put forward as the reasons for the precepts of civilization. On the contrary! Those historical residues have helped us to view religious teachings, as it were, as neurotic relics, and we may now argue that the time has probably come, as it does in an analytic treatmen t, for replacing the effects of repression by the results of the rational operation of the intellect. From The Future of an Illusion, (1927)One feels inclined to say that the intention that man should be happy is not included in the plan of Creation.From Civilization and Its Discontents, (1930)The poor ego has a still harder time of it; it has to serve three harsh masters, and it has to do its best to reconcile the claims and demands of all three...The three tyrants are the external world, the superego, and the id.From New Introductory Lectures on Psychoanalysis, (1932)Thinking is an experimental dealing with small quantities of energy, just as a general moves miniature figures over a map before setting his troops in action.From New Introductory Lectures on Psychoanalysis, (1932) Freuds work helped shape our understanding of the human mind. Over 100 years later, his research and findings continue to influence our studies on the human mind.

Using The Heat Energy Equation - 1804 Words

INTRODUCTION (Pre-lab) What will be the amount of energy contained in specific snack foods? This question will be solved by using the heat energy equation, Q=mCΔT. â€Å"Q or q† will represent the heat in joules, this will be found algebraically by filling in the rest of the heat energy equation. â€Å"m† will represent the mass in grams, this will be found by finding the mass of the water. â€Å"C† will represent specific heat in Joules/grams  °Celsius, the specific heat of water will always be 4.184 J/g °C. â€Å"ΔT† will represent the change in temperature, this will be found by subtracting the final temperature of the water by the original temperature of the water. Capital Q means that heat will be added-endothermic. Lowercase q means that heat will be lost-exothermic. The law conservation of energy says that energy will not be created nor destroyed, but will be converted from one form to another. The percent error equation will be (accepted-experimental) à · (a ccepted), accepted is the Cal/g on the snack food’s package, and the experimental is the Cal/g that is calculated during the experiment. The independent variable will be the Marshmallow, CHEEZ-IT, Cheetos, and Chex-mix. The dependent variable will be the energy in either Joules/grams or Calories/gram because the amount of energy depends on the snack food. The controlled variable will be the amount of water in the calorimeter because the water will be the same amount in every trial. A bar graph will be needed to determine which snack foodShow MoreRelatedA Brief Look at Desalination1345 Words   |  5 Pageschecks on all coursework using plagiarism software. 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Temperature was measured and distilled water was placed intoRead MoreComponents Of Thermoregulation ( Tm ) Systems And The Latent Thermal Energy Storage ( Ltes ) Essay1375 Words   |  6 Pageslatent thermal energy storage (LTES). PCMs capability to absorb and release large latent heat during phase change transition processes provides a wide range of phase change temperatures for thermal management systems. The incorporation of PCMs can achieve the same or even better performances with a smaller volume. PCMs can meet the thermoregulation requirements of various applications. Currently, the low thermal conductivity of PCMs (usually les s than 1 W mK−1) greatly limits their heat dissipationRead MoreA Physics Special On Mass Energy Equivalence718 Words   |  3 PagesGreat Lakes Tribune A Physics Special on Mass-Energy Equivalence Article By: Hugh Corley History Born in Germany in 1879, Albert Einstein was theoretical physicist. After graduating high school, he began working in a Swiss patent office in 1903. 1905 was like any other year in the patent office. That is, until September 27, when Albert Einstein finished a paper that would revolutionize physics. Titled â€Å"Does the Inertia of a Body Depend Upon Its Energy-Content?† it was the final paper in a series

Wherever You Go, Thats Who You Are - 1134 Words

A person’s surroundings have a strong influence on the course of their lives and their character. This is shown in the novel The Kite Runner by Khaled Hosseini. The main character in the story, Amir, lives in Kabul, Afghanistan with his successful and respected father, Baba, and their two servants Ali and Hassan. Amir and Hassan grow up together as very close friends, but their friendship often suffers from the tension of Amirs insecurities, as well as their societys negative view on Hassans Hazara ethnicity. The final thread holding their friendship together is broken when Amir fails to protect Hassan from being raped from the terrorizing Assef. After Hassan leaves Amirs life, political events cause Amir and his father to flee to America, where they take on the challenge of adjusting to a new country. Amir spends years building a life in America, a family and a career, until an old friend calls him back home to offer a chance of redeeming his wrong-doings in his youth. On ret urning to a very different Afghanistan from the one he used to call home, Amir learns Hassan is his illegitimate brother, faces his past, and finds relief in atoning for his sins by rescuing Hassan’s son from Assef. Hosseini uses layered settings: a traditional Kabul, an Afghan community in America, and a Taliban ruled Afghanistan, that intertwine with Amir’s life to create a unique novel. The traditions and mindset of the pre-Taliban Kabul, Afghanistan during Amir’s youth played a large role in hisShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Patrick Barclay s Award Winning Work1537 Words   |  7 Pagessignificance, while none of those parts relates to the previous one, not in context of Jose Mourinho’s life, but of his traits as an individual as well as a manager. The eight parts are: 1. The Premier One 2. Welcome to England 3. The Formative Years 4. Jose Who? 5. Behind the Mask 6. From Infighting to Ecstasy 7. Mayhem in Madrid 8. 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Problems Faced by Female Teachers Free Essays

gender discrimination Discrimination  is the  prejudicial  or distinguishing treatment of an individual based on his or her membership – or perceived membership – in a certain group or category. It involves the group’s initial reaction or interaction, influencing the individual’s actual behavior towards the group or the group leader, restricting members of one group from opportunities or privileges that are available to another group, leading to the exclusion of the individual or entities based on logical or irrational decision making. Discriminatory traditions, policies, ideas, practices, and laws exist in many countries and  institutions  in every part of the world. We will write a custom essay sample on Problems Faced by Female Teachers or any similar topic only for you Order Now In some places, controversial attempts such as  racial quotas  have been used to redress negative effects of discrimination—but have sometimes been called  reverse discrimination  themselves. Though gender discrimination refers to beliefs and  attitudes  in relation to the  gender  of a person, such beliefs and attitudes are of a social nature and do not, normally, carry any legal consequences. Teacher Cadet Essay iframe class="wp-embedded-content" sandbox="allow-scripts" security="restricted" style="position: absolute; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px);" src="https://phdessay.com/teacher-cadet-essay/embed/#?secret=pahojawsk0" data-secret="pahojawsk0" width="500" height="282" title="#8220;Teacher Cadet Essay#8221; #8212; Free Essays - PhDessay.com" frameborder="0" marginwidth="0" marginheight="0" scrolling="no"/iframe Gender discrimination, on the other hand, may have legal consequences. Though what constitutes gender discrimination varies between countries, the essence is that it is an adverse action taken by one person against another person that would not have occurred had the person been of another gender. Discrimination of that nature is considered a form of  prejudice  and in certain enumerated circumstances is illegal in many countries. Gender discrimination can arise in different contexts. For instance an employee may be discriminated against by being asked discriminatory questions during a job interview, or by an employer  not hiring or promoting, unequally paying, or wrongfully terminating, an employee based on her (or his) gender. In an educational setting there could be claims that a student was excluded from an educational institution, program, opportunity, loan, student group, or scholarship because of her/his gender. In the housing setting there could be claims that a person was refused negotiations on seeking a house, contracting/leasing a house or getting a loan based on his or her gender. Another setting where there have been claims of gender discrimination is banking; for example if one is refused credit or is offered unequal loan terms based on one’s gender. Another setting where there is usually gender discrimination is when one is refused to extend his or her credit, refused approval of credit/loan process, and if there is a burden of unequal loan terms based on one’s gender. Socially, gender differences have been used to justify  different roles for men and women, in some cases giving rise to claims of primary and secondary roles. While there are alleged non-physical differences between men and women, major reviews of the academic literature on gender difference find only a tiny minority of characteristics where there are consistent psychological differences between men and women, and these relate directly to experiences grounded in biological difference. However, there are also some psychological differences in regard to how problems are dealt with and emotional perceptions and reactions that may relate to hormones and the successful characteristics of each gender during longstanding roles in past primitive lifestyles. In the developing countries like Nepal, gender discrimination is one of the major backwards of development. It  describes the absence of obvious or hidden disparities among individuals based on gender. Disparities can include the discrimination in terms of opportunities, resources, services, benefits, decision-making power and influence. Males enjoy a privileged status from their birth whereas females are often ignored and/or are isolated from social interactions. They are not granted the same opportunities in education, and other basic rights are often overlooked. When a woman gives birth to a son, he is well cared for and is highly regarded by his family and society. On the other hand, in the event that she gives birth to a daughter, she is ignored and poorly regarded. Nepalese society expects females to inhabit with their husband’s family and their sons and to continue living in his parent’s home. Thus, the maintenance of the family lineage is perpetuated. Daughters are not considered as heirs in the system of Nepali lineage. Nepal’s total population is about 23 million. Out of this about fifty percent is Women. In Nepal, like other developing countries, the state of women is not satisfactory. Male dominated family system provides very little scope for the female to assert their identity. They are marginalized from economic and social opportunities due to illiteracy, poverty and conservative social taboos. The present status of women is said to be strong than the past but it is the same. 32 women have been Members of Parliament after restoration of democracy but it is only limited up to the written forms but not so practically. The status of women is the same as it used to be in the past. My neighbor is a pretty woman who has been living near me for 5 years. Her mother in law tortures her for not giving a birth to a boy child. As she has already given birth to two girl child. So they warned her that if next time she does not give birth to a boy then she has to leave the home and her husband will marry another woman. So she in the fear of losing her husband was ready to give birth to another child but unfortunately she got miscarriage and she got admitted to the hospital. The family members in this situation rather than consoling the women they didn’t cared about her and left her in the hospital. After few days the husband got married to another woman . They didn’t allow her to enter the house and meet her daughters. Men can leave their wives for petty reasons such as if they fail to give birth to a male heir. Socially and economically men are always considered as superior to women, breadwinner, head of the family and the care taker and this is major cause for the low participation of women in every sector. This is only one example from our society there are several such discriminations and crimes happening in our society for several reasons. Not only in Nepal but throughout the world females are being dominated by males. It is time that Nepalese men understood the value of their women and respected them for what they are. After all, their mothers were also born as girls. The prevailing unfair social and labour relations compounded by unequal power structure and patriarchal thinking contribute to the sorry situation of girls in Nepal. Social attitude towards girls is still regressive. Majority of girls are denied care, education, health service, recreation and other basic services right from the birth. The environment in which they are living is not conducive for physical and cognitive growth. Moreover, the atmosphere that prevails at home, family, community and at the national level obstruct the path of overall development of girls. If we fail to properly analyze the nature and form of the problems and the reasons for such a situation of girls, not only will we be unable to ensure a bright future of our girls, but we will fail to ensure a secure future for our women and mothers. This means the movement for women’s liberation will barely be able to keep its head above troubled water. Following facts reveal the situation of the girl children in Nepal. a. Population:  Girls in Nepal consist 50 per cent of the total child population. CBS) ————————————————- In every thousand children Boys  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Girls Infant mortality rate (IMR)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  144. 50  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   150. 38 Child mortality rate (U5MR)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  108. 00  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   133. 00 b. Gender Discrimination/Son Preference:  Discrimination of girls is rampant in every sector of society. Son preference is very high. According to the 2001 census, the national ratio of boys and girls is 100:101, while in some districts such as Far West Kailali it is 100:84. c. Literacy Rate:  Literacy rate of girls is 42 per cent compared to 65 per cent among boys. In Nepal, primary school going girls is 74 per cent compared to 86 per cent boys. (MOE 2003) d. Child Malnutrition:  Child malnutrition in Nepal is 56. 2 per cent in which the state of girls is more vulnerable than boys. Statistics on breast feeding indicate that 51 per cent male children are breast fed, while its number is only 43 per cent among female children. e. Child Sexual exploitation:  Almost 40 per cent of survivors of child sexual abuse and rape are girls below 18 years. Most of them are abused at home, in educational institutions, work places or any given place. They are insecure in all these places. CWIN 2008) f. Child Marriage:  34 per cent of total marriages in Nepal are with girls below 16 years. Some 7 per cent of child marriages take place with children below 10 years. (UNICEF 2005). Existing practices of dowry in many parts of the country further provokes child marriages in the society. g. Child Labor Exploitation:  Most household chores and child rearing ac tivities are the responsibility of girls. Girls aged between 10-14 years work double compared to boys in the same age group. It is also reported that 2. 6 million Nepali children are working in different fields of labor. Amongst these 56% are reported to be girls. (ILO-IPEC, 2001) h. Bonded Labour:  Labour bondage still persists in the form of ‘Kamlari’ in the eastern part of Nepal, where girls are kept in the households of their ‘masters’ to serve them. i. Girl Trafficking:  Girls are trafficked for different purposes including domestic work, forced beggary, marriage, carpet weaving and sex trade. About 20 per cent (i. e. 40,000) of the total trafficked women for sex trade are girls below 16 years. (CWIN 2006) Annually approximately 12,000 girl children and women are trafficked. (ILO, How to cite Problems Faced by Female Teachers, Papers Problems Faced by Female Teachers Free Essays gender discrimination Discrimination  is the  prejudicial  or distinguishing treatment of an individual based on his or her membership – or perceived membership – in a certain group or category. It involves the group’s initial reaction or interaction, influencing the individual’s actual behavior towards the group or the group leader, restricting members of one group from opportunities or privileges that are available to another group, leading to the exclusion of the individual or entities based on logical or irrational decision making. Discriminatory traditions, policies, ideas, practices, and laws exist in many countries and  institutions  in every part of the world. We will write a custom essay sample on Problems Faced by Female Teachers or any similar topic only for you Order Now In some places, controversial attempts such as  racial quotas  have been used to redress negative effects of discrimination—but have sometimes been called  reverse discrimination  themselves. Though gender discrimination refers to beliefs and  attitudes  in relation to the  gender  of a person, such beliefs and attitudes are of a social nature and do not, normally, carry any legal consequences. Gender discrimination, on the other hand, may have legal consequences. Though what constitutes gender discrimination varies between countries, the essence is that it is an adverse action taken by one person against another person that would not have occurred had the person been of another gender. Discrimination of that nature is considered a form of  prejudice  and in certain enumerated circumstances is illegal in many countries. Gender discrimination can arise in different contexts. For instance an employee may be discriminated against by being asked discriminatory questions during a job interview, or by an employer  not hiring or promoting, unequally paying, or wrongfully terminating, an employee based on her (or his) gender. In an educational setting there could be claims that a student was excluded from an educational institution, program, opportunity, loan, student group, or scholarship because of her/his gender. In the housing setting there could be claims that a person was refused negotiations on seeking a house, contracting/leasing a house or getting a loan based on his or her gender. Another setting where there have been claims of gender discrimination is banking; for example if one is refused credit or is offered unequal loan terms based on one’s gender. Another setting where there is usually gender discrimination is when one is refused to extend his or her credit, refused approval of credit/loan process, and if there is a burden of unequal loan terms based on one’s gender. Socially, gender differences have been used to justify  different roles for men and women, in some cases giving rise to claims of primary and secondary roles. While there are alleged non-physical differences between men and women, major reviews of the academic literature on gender difference find only a tiny minority of characteristics where there are consistent psychological differences between men and women, and these relate directly to experiences grounded in biological difference. However, there are also some psychological differences in regard to how problems are dealt with and emotional perceptions and reactions that may relate to hormones and the successful characteristics of each gender during longstanding roles in past primitive lifestyles. In the developing countries like Nepal, gender discrimination is one of the major backwards of development. It  describes the absence of obvious or hidden disparities among individuals based on gender. Disparities can include the discrimination in terms of opportunities, resources, services, benefits, decision-making power and influence. Males enjoy a privileged status from their birth whereas females are often ignored and/or are isolated from social interactions. They are not granted the same opportunities in education, and other basic rights are often overlooked. When a woman gives birth to a son, he is well cared for and is highly regarded by his family and society. On the other hand, in the event that she gives birth to a daughter, she is ignored and poorly regarded. Nepalese society expects females to inhabit with their husband’s family and their sons and to continue living in his parent’s home. Thus, the maintenance of the family lineage is perpetuated. Daughters are not considered as heirs in the system of Nepali lineage. Nepal’s total population is about 23 million. Out of this about fifty percent is Women. In Nepal, like other developing countries, the state of women is not satisfactory. Male dominated family system provides very little scope for the female to assert their identity. They are marginalized from economic and social opportunities due to illiteracy, poverty and conservative social taboos. The present status of women is said to be strong than the past but it is the same. 32 women have been Members of Parliament after restoration of democracy but it is only limited up to the written forms but not so practically. The status of women is the same as it used to be in the past. My neighbor is a pretty woman who has been living near me for 5 years. Her mother in law tortures her for not giving a birth to a boy child. As she has already given birth to two girl child. So they warned her that if next time she does not give birth to a boy then she has to leave the home and her husband will marry another woman. So she in the fear of losing her husband was ready to give birth to another child but unfortunately she got miscarriage and she got admitted to the hospital. The family members in this situation rather than consoling the women they didn’t cared about her and left her in the hospital. After few days the husband got married to another woman . They didn’t allow her to enter the house and meet her daughters. Men can leave their wives for petty reasons such as if they fail to give birth to a male heir. Socially and economically men are always considered as superior to women, breadwinner, head of the family and the care taker and this is major cause for the low participation of women in every sector. This is only one example from our society there are several such discriminations and crimes happening in our society for several reasons. Not only in Nepal but throughout the world females are being dominated by males. It is time that Nepalese men understood the value of their women and respected them for what they are. After all, their mothers were also born as girls. The prevailing unfair social and labour relations compounded by unequal power structure and patriarchal thinking contribute to the sorry situation of girls in Nepal. Social attitude towards girls is still regressive. Majority of girls are denied care, education, health service, recreation and other basic services right from the birth. The environment in which they are living is not conducive for physical and cognitive growth. Moreover, the atmosphere that prevails at home, family, community and at the national level obstruct the path of overall development of girls. If we fail to properly analyze the nature and form of the problems and the reasons for such a situation of girls, not only will we be unable to ensure a bright future of our girls, but we will fail to ensure a secure future for our women and mothers. This means the movement for women’s liberation will barely be able to keep its head above troubled water. Following facts reveal the situation of the girl children in Nepal. a. Population:  Girls in Nepal consist 50 per cent of the total child population. CBS) ————————————————- In every thousand children Boys  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Girls Infant mortality rate (IMR)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  144. 50  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   150. 38 Child mortality rate (U5MR)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  108. 00  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   133. 00 b. Gender Discrimination/Son Preference:  Discrimination of girls is rampant in every sector of society. Son preference is very high. According to the 2001 census, the national ratio of boys and girls is 100:101, while in some districts such as Far West Kailali it is 100:84. c. Literacy Rate:  Literacy rate of girls is 42 per cent compared to 65 per cent among boys. In Nepal, primary school going girls is 74 per cent compared to 86 per cent boys. (MOE 2003) d. Child Malnutrition:  Child malnutrition in Nepal is 56. 2 per cent in which the state of girls is more vulnerable than boys. Statistics on breast feeding indicate that 51 per cent male children are breast fed, while its number is only 43 per cent among female children. e. Child Sexual exploitation:  Almost 40 per cent of survivors of child sexual abuse and rape are girls below 18 years. Most of them are abused at home, in educational institutions, work places or any given place. They are insecure in all these places. CWIN 2008) f. Child Marriage:  34 per cent of total marriages in Nepal are with girls below 16 years. Some 7 per cent of child marriages take place with children below 10 years. (UNICEF 2005). Existing practices of dowry in many parts of the country further provokes child marriages in the society. g. Child Labor Exploitation:  Most household chores and child rearing ac tivities are the responsibility of girls. Girls aged between 10-14 years work double compared to boys in the same age group. It is also reported that 2. 6 million Nepali children are working in different fields of labor. Amongst these 56% are reported to be girls. (ILO-IPEC, 2001) h. Bonded Labour:  Labour bondage still persists in the form of ‘Kamlari’ in the eastern part of Nepal, where girls are kept in the households of their ‘masters’ to serve them. i. Girl Trafficking:  Girls are trafficked for different purposes including domestic work, forced beggary, marriage, carpet weaving and sex trade. About 20 per cent (i. e. 40,000) of the total trafficked women for sex trade are girls below 16 years. (CWIN 2006) Annually approximately 12,000 girl children and women are trafficked. (ILO, How to cite Problems Faced by Female Teachers, Essay examples

RELG 215 Pagan Essay Essays - Deities, Religion, Wicca, Neopaganism

Pagan Religion: Wicca Pagan Religion: Wicca Background Information There are many religions that are pagan and all of which are those that do not subscribe to Christianity, but they follow other religions instead. Pagan religions arose after the Middle Ages, and unfortunately were referred to in negative, or derogatory, terms. The word wicca is derived directly from the word witch in the male form and wicce was the female form. The founder decided to use Wicca as the Witchcraft religion's formal name (Lewis, 1999). Christians proclaim that those who subscribe to Pagan religions believe in false gods and are inferior to Christians. Wicca is a form of a pagan religion but is most widely known for being associated with Witchcraft. Wiccans take part in witchcraft and can belong to covens, but there is more to this religion. This religion has been rapidly growing in the United States and is, in fact, one of the fastest growing among all religions in the United States (Lewis, 1999). Although Wiccans are closely involved with Witchcraft, there is more to t he religion itself than just the magical and supernatural aspects. Scriptural Canon The most official text that Wiccans follow is that known as the "Charge of the Goddess," by Doreen Valiente. This text was originally written by the person who founded modern Witchcraft, Gerald Gardner, but was redone by Valiente who happened to be one of his closest allies (Lewis, 1999). Wiccans are very nature-based in their religion and as so, it can be seen in their canon. Valiente (1957) wrote "I am the beauty of the green earth, and the white moon among the stars, and the mystery of the waters, and the desire of the heart of man" (p. 1). Wiccans take pride in being so close to nature and everything involving the Earth they reside on. The canon itself is written in the form of a poem. The wording, as well, is written in such a way to give the appearance that it is old and authoritative to its followers. There are about eleven stanzas in the "Charge of the Goddess" all with complete thoughts and instructions in each one. There are not any words of negativity among the Wiccan canon because their religion is about power within oneself and their surroundings (Valiente, 1957). In one part, for example, Valiente (1957) says the following: Call unto thy soul, arise, and come unto me. For I am the soul of Nature, who gives life to the Universe. From me all things proceed, and unto me all things must return; and before my face, beloved of gods and of men, let thine innermost divine self be enfolded, in the rapture of the infinite (p. 2). This stanza explains that one must first dig into their own souls in order to give away their spirituality to the rest of the universe. Once that is accomplished, with everything attached, the divine may attained forever. Concept of the Ultimate The Wicca religion is polytheistic, or one that believes in many deities or gods, where their concept of the ultimate is the Triple Goddess (similar in comparison to the Holy Trinity that Christians subscribe to). The Triple Goddess is that of three developmental stages that a woman goes through: The Maiden, the Mother, and the Crone (Becvar, 2005). First, the Maiden is a young woman full of ambition and anticipation. Second, the Mother is a woman that is excited to devote her live to creation and love. Lastly, the Crone is a woman who is feared among the rest because she is full of wisdom from having gone through the previous stages while handling the end of her life. While each of the three parts of the goddess are very different, they are equally important as the ultimate for the Wiccan followers (Becvar, 2005). It is nice to study a religion where there is this Triple Goddess rather than this father figure or a supposed male god. Code of Ethics The "Charge of the Goddess" is full of many mantras, or small philosophies, to live by. All these mantras are included in the stanzas of the Wicca canon, and are inclusive enough for anyone to use in their lives. A few of these stood out as very important